Reference | Volcanic ash/PM | Pollution Recipient | Specific type | Method used in paper | Concentration ranges** | Duration of pollution | Source of pollution | Type of study |
Cape et al., 2008 | PM | Plant (forests) |
|
| Annual N deposition > than 15 kg ha-1 |
| Soot, dust, quarry mechanical generation | Observational |
Tognetti et al., 2012 | Volcanic ash | Plant (forests) |
| Dendrochronological | Tephra volume = 7.2x10^8 m3 1988 eruption | 25/12/1988 - 24/01/1990 (2 years) | Lonquimay Volcano | Field/Lab |
Bilderback & Carlson, 1987 | Volcanic ash | Tree | Douglas fir | Chlorophyll amount determined by method dictated by Mackinney (see ref). Needles washed, dried, weighed to determine tephra amount. | 420 mg - 15.7 mg tephra per gram needle dry weight | 16 months | Mt. St. Helens | Field/Lab |
Seymour et al., 1983 | Volcanic ash | Tree | Douglas fir | Fluoride levels determined by washing with EDTA solution and oven dried. Mechanical damage determined using scanning electron microscopy |
|
| Mt. St. Helens | Lab |
Battipaglia et al., 2007 | Volcanic ash | Tree |
| Tree-ring chronologies were selected from forest old stands about 40km away from Vesuvio. Isotopic analysis. |
|
| Mt. Vesuvio | Field/Lab |
Misson et al., 2005 | PM10&2.5 | Tree | Mixed conifer forest, oak forest | PM characterisation and metrological and plant parameters |
|
| Anthropogenic atmospheric aerosol |
|
Chameides et al., 1999 | PM | Plants | Arable crops | Model-estimate of aerosol optical depths over China and their effect on solar irradiance and subsequently the crop's response to this change using radiative transfer calculations. | ~5-30% reduction in solar radiation |
| Anthropogenic atmospheric aerosol | Theoretical case study |
Mercado et al., 2009 | Volcanic and anthropogenic aerosol | Ecosystems |
| Estimate the impact of variations in diffuse fraction on the land carbon sink using a global model (JULES) modified to account for the effects of variations in both direct and diffuse radiation on canopy photosynthesis. |
| 1901-2100 |
| Theoretical |
Yamaguchi et al., 2014 | Ammonium sulfate particles (pm2.5) | Trees | Multiple species | Four Japanese forest tree species exposed to submicron-size AS particules during two growing seasons inside phytotron chambers. AS particles generated from atomized 0.1% AS solution. Filters inside the cambers used to calculate sulfur concentration. Deposition of particles on leaf surfaces observed using scanning electron microscope. | 2.73 - 4.32 ug SO4(2-)/m3 | 2 years | Lab generated AS particles. | Lab |
Wilson et al., 2011 | Volcanic ash | Similar to inital tephra eruption: Abrasion of vegetation and contamination of feed supplies with fine ash. |
| 3-week study tour of environments affected by ash storms, with emphasis on determining the impacts of repeated ash storms on agriculture and local practices that were developed in an attempt to mitigate these impacts. Interviews were conducted with farmers and officials who experienced the eruption. Samples of initial tephra fall and reworked material analysed. | "Heavy tephra fall" >100mm | Wind remobilisation recorded from eruption up to early 1992 | Volcan Hudson | Field/Lab |
Monteith, 1962 | Anthropogenic aerosol | Earth surface |
| Consistency of radiation records at different stations is checked by comparing max daily totals with theoretical estimates for a model atmosphere. Deriving mean coeffs for reflection and abs by clod at clean country stations, monthly totals of direct and diffuse radiation can be calculated from obs of cloudiness - attenuation by pollution can then be estimated by comparing the amount of radiation received at a smoky station with the calculated amount for a clean atm. | Total radiation average 10% decrease |
| Anthropogenic atmospheric aerosol | Theoretical |
Unsworth & Monteith, 1972 | Anthropogenic aerosol | Earth surface |
| Irradiance of solar beam measured by pyrheliometer on cloudless days in Midlands and north-west Scotland. Total and diffuse fluxes measured on some days with solarimeter. | Attenuation coefficient for aerosol (ta) = 0.05-0.15 in maritime air; 0.1-0.5 in continental air; in tropical maritime air, ta decreased from 0.13 at sea level to 0.07 at 1340 m. |
| Continental/local/marine air mass | Field |
Sato et al., 1993 | Volcanic ash | Earth surface |
| Aerosol optical depths are estimated from optical extinction data (whose quality increases with time) over the period 1850-1990. |
| 1850-1990 (different sources) | Volcanic eruptions | Theoretical |
Crossley & Fowler, 1986 | PM | Trees | Scots Pine | Scots pine needles examined at one polluted and two clean air sites during july 1981 - march 1982. Physical structure of epicuticular wax was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. | Clean air: SO2 < 10 ug/m3; polluted air: SO2 < 40 , ug/m3 | 2 years | Pulverized fuel ash' (a coal combustion product) | Field/Lab
|
Ayris & Delmelle, 2012 | Volcanic ash | Vegetation |
| Review of many different volcanic case-studies that focuses on the various effects of ash on the environment | Ash dep on pine foliage in excess of 10 g/m2 diminished radiative flux captured by needles up to 98%; particles of tephra with diameter <2um clog leaf stomates |
|
| Review |
* note papers are detailed this is one aspect of the study highlighted