Modelling Emissions

The UK National Atmospheric Emission Inventory (NAEI) is the standard reference for air emissions for the UK and provides annual estimates of emission for a wide range of important pollutants including air quality pollutants, greenhouse gases, regional pollutants leading to acid deposition and photochemical pollution, persistent organic pollutants and other toxic pollutants such as heavy metals.

Emissions across the UK are built up from the component distributions for each NAEI emission sector.  Many sectors however, are comprised of a combination of point source and area source emissions. In this situation point source emissions are mapped explicitly and the remaining  residual  emission is treated as an 'area source' and distributed across the UK using 5km resolution emission distributions.  These sectoral distributions are developed using a variety of statistics appropriate to each sector:
  1. Point Source emissions from large industrial installations are compiled from a variety of official UK sources (Environment Agency, Scottish Environmental Protection Agency, Local Authority data). 
  2. Area Source emissions are generated for sources that are distributed more widely across the UK. A distribution map at 5km square is generated using appropriate statistics for 11 UNECE source sectors. 
The table below describes the sectors used in the SRCL deposition modelling,  examples of sources and the types of mapping distributions used within each of the sectors.

SRCL Description

Source Type

Further definition

Examples

Top 22   Point Sources
(runs 1-22)

Point Sources

Individually modelled point source using stack parameters where available.

Power stations

Other industrial combustion

Refineries

Chemical industry - ammonia use

Chemical industry - carbon black

Solid smokeless fuel production

Chemical industry - ammonia based fertilizer

Chemical industry - general

Cement - non-decarbonising

Primary aluminium production - general

Offshore oil and gas - own gas combustion

Shipping - coastal

Coke production

Primary aluminium production - anode baking

Lime production - non decarbonising

Blast furnace

Secondary lead production

Brick manufacture

Ammonia production

Sulphuric acid production

Glass production

Industrial processes
(exc. Major sources modelled individually and all power stations)

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

A combination of over 460 individual point sources around the UK that are not in the top 100 point sources.

[SNAP sectors: e.g. 301; 30311; 30312;

40207; 40416 ]

Other industrial combustion

Lime production - non decarbonising

Chemical industry

Iron and steel - combustion plant

Refineries – combustion

Electric arc furnaces

 

Waste treatment and disposal

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

440 individual point sources  around the UK that are not in the top 100 point sources.

[SNAP sector: 10105]

 

Landfill gas combustion

Landfill gas combustion

Sewage gas combustion

Landfill gas combustion

Offshore oil and gas

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

A combination of 56 point sources in the UK representing oil-gas terminals e.g. Sullom Voe, St Fergus, Barrow-in-Furness

[SNAP sectors: 105; 502; 90206]

 

Offshore oil and gas - processes

Offshore oil and gas - flaring

Offshore oil and gas - own gas combustion

Energy production & transformation

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Emissions are generated either by boilers or by gas turbines and stationary engines

Coke production

Collieries – combustion

Landfill gas combustion

Offshore oil and gas - own gas combustion

Power stations

Refineries – combustion

Sewage gas combustion

Gas separation plant – combustion

Gas production

Commercial & residential combustion

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Emissions from commercial boilers including hotel, retail, education, public and government buildings. This sector also include domestic heating.

Domestic combustion

Miscellaneous industrial/commercial combustion

Public sector combustion

Railways - stationary combustion

Agriculture - stationary combustion

Industrial combustion
(e.g. Cement & Lime Production, Iron and Steel)

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Industrial combustion sources.

Other industrial combustion

Ammonia production – combustion

Blast furnaces

Cement - non-decarbonising

Iron and steel - combustion plant

Lime production - non decarbonising

Sinter production

Autogenerators

Road Transport
(buses, cars, HGVs,LGVs)

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Road transport makes up the largest area source as transport is not mapped as a number of point sources.

cars - cold start

cars non catalyst - cold start

cars with catalysts - cold start

LGVs - cold start

LGVs non catalyst - cold start

LGVs with catalysts - cold start

Road transport - major roads

Road transport - minor roads

Other transport  
(Aircraft Take-Off and Landing, Shipping (shipping up to 12 nautical miles of the coastline), Railways)

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

The 2nd largest area emission source sector after Road Transport.

Aircraft emission are based on aircraft  occurring below 1000m from ground level

(equating to the take off and landing). 

 

Shipping emissions are based on shipping at sea, manoeuvring and at berth within UK territorial waters (i.e. within

12 nautical miles of the coastline). Including coastal shipping, local ferries, fishing fleets, local port movements by support vessels.

Agriculture - mobile machinery

Aircraft -  military

Aircraft - domestic take off and landing

Aircraft - international take off and landing

Aircraft - support vehicles

House and garden machinery

Industrial off-road mobile machinery

Railways – freight

Railways – intercity

Railways – regional

Shipping – coastal (<12 nautical miles of coastline)

Shipping - naval

Solvent use

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Solvent use and other product use

Other production, consumption, storage, transportation or handling of bulk products

Decorative coating application

Industrial coating application

Other coating application

Degreasing

Dry cleaning

Chemical products

Printing

Domestic solvent use including fungicides 

Natural Sources

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

A combination of natural sources over the UK

Volcanoes

Forest fires

Other natural emissions

Ammonia emissions from fertiliser use

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Emissions of ammonia may come either directly from the fertilizer spread onto crops, or indirectly when some of the N taken up by crops is later emitted to the atmosphere as ammonia.

Urea

Ammonium Nitrate

Ammonium sulphate

Di-ammonium phosphate,

Ammonia emissions non-agricultural from abatable sources

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

A wide range of non-agricultural abatable sources contributes to ammonia emissions in the UK.

Sewage sludge

Composting

Landfill

Ammonia emissions non-agricultural non-abatablefrom abatable sources

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

A wide range of non-agricultural non-abatable sources contributes to ammonia emissions in the UK.

Pets (nic non-agricultural horses)

Wild animals (seabird colonies, pheasants, mammals)

Household products (solvents)

Human breath and sweat, smoking and babies’ nappies

Livestock production
(all sources inc IPPC installations)

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Ammonia emissions are calculated from emission sources and ‘activity data’.

Activity data includes:

• the number of livestock in each production class or group;

• the surface area of storage facilities; and

• the times of the year when manures are spread on the land. 

Cattle

Pigs

Poultry

Other livestock: sheep, goats, farmed

deer and horses

International shipping

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Based on gridded atmospheric emissions from ship movements within waters around the UK including North Sea, English Channel, Irish Sea and North East Atlantic (~200 nautical miles from the UK coastline but extended eastwards for better North Sea coverage)

Shipping lanes

Imported emissions
(e.g. Emissions from Europe, Ireland and other countries)

Area Source (UK based on 5km square)

Emissions that enter the UK from other countries. For the FRAME modelling emissions from the rest of Europe and Ireland were used derived from deposition  outputs of the FRAME-Europe model (at the EMEP 50km grid size).

 


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