%0 Generic %D 2016 %T Current and future ozone risks to global terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes %A Fuhrer, Jürg %A Val Martin, Maria %A Mills, Gina %A Heald, Colette L. %A Harmens, Harry %A Hayes, Felicity %A Sharps, Katrina %A Bender, Jürgen %A Ashmore, Mike R. %X

Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have received insufficient attention. This is an important gap because feedbacks to the atmosphere may change as future O3 levels increase or decrease, depending on air quality and climate policies. Global simulation of O3 using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) revealed that in 2000, about 40% of the Global 200 terrestrial ecoregions (ER) were exposed to O3 above thresholds for ecological risks, with highest exposures in North America and Southern Europe, where there is field evidence of adverse effects of O3, and in central Asia. Experimental studies show that O3 can adversely affect the growth and flowering of plants and alter species composition and richness, although some communities can be resilient. Additional effects include changes in water flux regulation, pollination efficiency, and plant pathogen development. Recent research is unraveling a range of effects belowground, including changes in soil invertebrates, plant litter quantity and quality, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and carbon pools. Changes are likely slow and may take decades to become detectable. CESM simulations for 2050 show that O3 exposure under emission scenario RCP8.5 increases in all major biomes and that policies represented in scenario RCP4.5 do not lead to a general reduction in O3 risks; rather, 50% of ERs still show an increase in exposure. Although a conceptual model is lacking to extrapolate documented effects to ERs with limited or no local information, and there is uncertainty about interactions with nitrogen input and climate change, the analysis suggests that in many ERs, O3 risks will persist for biodiversity at different trophic levels, and for a range of ecosystem processes and feedbacks, which deserves more attention when assessing ecological implications of future atmospheric pollution and climate change.

Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have received insufficient attention. This is an important gap because feedbacks to the atmosphere may change as future O3 levels increase or decrease, depending on air quality and climate policies. Global simulation of O3 using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) revealed that in 2000, about 40% of the Global 200 terrestrial ecoregions (ER) were exposed to O3 above thresholds for ecological risks, with highest exposures in North America and Southern Europe, where there is field evidence of adverse effects of O3, and in central Asia. Experimental studies show that O3 can adversely affect the growth and flowering of plants and alter species composition and richness, although some communities can be resilient. Additional effects include changes in water flux regulation, pollination efficiency, and plant pathogen development. Recent research is unraveling a range of effects belowground, including changes in soil invertebrates, plant litter quantity and quality, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and carbon pools. Changes are likely slow and may take decades to become detectable. CESM simulations for 2050 show that O3 exposure under emission scenario RCP8.5 increases in all major biomes and that policies represented in scenario RCP4.5 do not lead to a general reduction in O3 risks; rather, 50% of ERs still show an increase in exposure. Although a conceptual model is lacking to extrapolate documented effects to ERs with limited or no local information, and there is uncertainty about interactions with nitrogen input and climate change, the analysis suggests that in many ERs, O3 risks will persist for biodiversity at different trophic levels, and for a range of ecosystem processes and feedbacks, which deserves more attention when assessing ecological implications of future atmospheric pollution and climate change.
%B Ecology and Evolution %V 6 %P 8785 - 8799 %8 Jan-12-2016 %G eng %N 24C %! Ecol Evol %R 10.1002/ece3.2568 %0 Generic %D 2012 %T Coastal eutrophication as a driver of salt marsh loss %A Deegan, L.A. %A Johnson, D.S. %A Warren, R.S. %A Peterson, B.P. %A Fleeger, J.W. %A Fagherazzi, S. %A Wollheim, W.M. %B Nature %V 490 %P 388-392 %G eng %N 7420 %0 Thesis %D 2011 %T Changes in carbon and nitrogen dynamics in Sphagnum capillifolium under enhanced nitrogen deposition. %A Kivimaki, S.K. %I University of Edinburgh %C Edinburgh %V PhD %G eng %U www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/1842/5728/2/Kivimäki2011.pdf %0 Generic %D 2011 %T Climatic modifiers of the response to N deposition in peat-forming Sphagnum mosses: a meta-analysis. %A Limpens, J. %A Sheppard, L.J. %A Leith, I.D. %B New Phytologist %V 191 %P 496-507 %G eng %0 Report %D 2011 %T Collation of evidence of nitrogen impacts on vegetation in relation to UK biodiversity objectives %A Stevens, C.J. %A Smart, S.M. %A Henrys, P. %A Maskell, L.C. %A Walker, K.J. %A Preston, C.D. %A Crowe, A. %A Rowe, E. %A Gowing, D.J. %A Emmett, B.A. %I JNCC %G eng %0 Generic %D 2010 %T Changes in species richness and composition in European acidic grasslands over the past 70 years: the contribution of cumulative atmospheric nitrogen deposition %A Dupre, C. %A Stevens, C.J. %A Ranke, T. %A Bleeker, A. %A Peppler-Lisbach, C. %A Gowing, D.J.G. %A Dise, N.B. %A Dorland, E. %A Bobbink, R. %A Diekmann, M. %B Global Change Biology %V 16 %P 344-357 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2010 %T Chemical fluxes in time through forest ecosystems in the UK – Soil response to pollution recovery. %A Vanguelova, E.I. %A Benham, S. %A Pitman, R. %A Moffat, A.J. %A Broadmeadow, M. %A Nisbet, T. %A Durrant, D. %A Barsoum, N. %A Wilkinson, M. %A Bochereau, F. %A Hutchings, T. %A Broadmeadow, S. %A Crow, P. %A Taylor, P. %A Houston, T.D. %B Environmental Pollution %V 158 %P 1857-1869 %G eng %N 5 %0 Generic %D 2010 %T Contribution of acidification and eutrophication to declines in species richness of calcifuges grasslands along a gradient of atmospheric nitrogen deposition. %A Stevens, C.J. %A Thompson, K. %A Grime, J.P. %A Long, C.J. %A Gowing, D.J.G. %B Functional Ecology %V 24 %P 478-484 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2009 %T Can small-scale experiments predict ecosystem responses? An example from peatlands %A Wiedermann, M. M. %A Gunnarsson, U. %A Nilsson, M. B. %A Nordin, A. %A Ericson, L. %K atmospheric nitrogen deposition %K boreal mire %K carbon accumulation %K climate-change %K n deposition %K ombrotrophic bogs %K peat bogs %K plant community %K sphagnum litter %K vegetation %B Oikos %V 118 %P 449-456 %G eng %N 3 %0 Generic %D 2009 %T Changes in species richness and composition in European acidic grasslands over the past 70 years: the contribution of cumulative atmospheric nitrogen deposition. %A Dupre, C. %A Stevens, C.J. %A Ranke, T. %A Bleeker, A. %A Peppler-Lisbach, C, %A Gowing, D.J. %A Dise, N.B. %A Dorland, E. %A Bobbink, R. %A Diekmann, M. %B Global Change Biology %V 161 %P 344-357 %N 1 %0 Generic %D 2009 %T Chronic exposure to increasing background ozone impairs stomatal functioning in grassland species. %A Mills, G. %A Hayes, F. %A Wilkinson, S. %A Davies, W.J. %B Global Change Biology %V 15 %P 1522-1533 %G eng %N 6 %0 Generic %D 2009 %T Contrasting soil pH effects on fungal and bacterial growth suggest functional redundancy in carbon mineralization. %A Rousk, J. %A Brooks, P.C. %A Bååth, E. %B Applied and Environmental Microbiology %V 75 %P 1589-1596 %G eng %N 6 %0 Generic %D 2007 %T Can salt stress-induced physiological responses protect tomato crops from ozone damages in Mediterranean environments? %A Maggio, A. %A De Pascale, S. %A Fagnano, M. %A Barbieri, G. %B European Journal of Agronomy %V 26 %P 454-461 %G eng %0 Generic %D 2007 %T Comparative cryptogam ecology: a review of bryophyte and lichen traits that drive biogeochemistry. %A Cornelissen, J.H.C. %A Lang, S.I. %A Soudzilovskaia, N.A. %A During, H.J. %B Annals of Botany %V 99 %P 987-1001 %G eng %0 Report %D 2007 %T Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 2007 %A Solomon, S. %A Qin, D. %A Manning, M. %A Chen, Z. %A Marquis, K.B. %A Averyt, M. %A Tignor, M. %A Miller, H.L. %X

 

Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.

%I Cambridge University Press %C Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. %G eng %0 Generic %D 2006 %T Chemical composition and decomposition of silver birch leaf litter produced under elevated CO2 and O3. %A Kasurinen, A. %A Riikonen, J. %A Oksanen, E. %A Vapaavuori, E. %A Holopainen, T. %B Plant and Soil %V 282 %P 261-280 %G eng %0 Report %D 2005 %T Cardiovascular Disease and Air Pollution - An Expert Review for Comment %A COMEAP %U http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/comeap/expertreview.htm %0 Generic %D 2004 %T Changes in vegetation and soil characteristics in coastal sand dunes along a gradient of atmospheric nitrogen deposition %A Jones, M.L.M. %A Wallace, H.L. %A Norris, D. %A Brittain, S.A. %A Haria, S. %A Jones, R.E. %A Rhind, P.M. %A Reynolds, B.R. %A Emmett, B.A. %B Plant Biology %V 6 %P 598-605 %N 5 %0 Generic %D 2003 %T Changing landscapes, habitats and vegetation diversity across Great Britain %A Haines-Young, R. %A Barr, C.J. %A Firbank, L.G. %A Furse, M. %A Howard, D.C. %A McGowan, G. %A Petit, S. %A Smart, S.M. %A Watkins, J.W. %B Journal of Environmental Management %V 67 %P 267-281 %G eng %N 3 %0 Generic %D 2002 %T Cadmium and zinc interactions and their transfer in soil-crop system under actual field conditions %A Nan, Z %A Li, J %A Zhang, J %A Cheng, G %B Science of the Total Environment %P 187-195 %G eng %N 285 %0 Generic %D 2002 %T Changes in the rhizosphere of metal-accumulating plants evidenced by chemical extractants %A Hammer, D %A Keller, C %B Journal of Environmental Quality %P 1561-1569 %G eng %N 31 %0 Report %D 2002 %T Changing nutrient budget of sand dunes: consequences for the nature conservation interest and dune management. 1 %A Jones, M.L.M. %A Reynolds, B. %A Stevens, P.A. %A Norris, D.A. %B Review Contract Report %8 March 2002. %0 Generic %D 2001 %T Cadmium uptake by plants %A Smolders, E %B International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health %P 177-183 %G eng %N 14 %0 Generic %D 2001 %T Changes in oak epiphytes monitored for 21 years along an air quality gradient into London %A Bates, J.W. %B Eurasap %V 41 %P 8-9 %0 Generic %D 2001 %T Changes in urban lichen diversity after a fall in sulphur dioxide levels in the city of Tampere, SW Finland. %A Ranta, P. %B Annales Botanici Fennici %V 38(4) %P 295-304 %0 Report %D 2001 %T Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis %A IPCC %B Summary for Policymakers %I IPCC %C Geneva %P pp. 881 %0 Report %D 2001 %T Climate Change and Nature Conservation in Britain and Ireland: Modelling natural resource responses to climate change (the MONARCH project) %A Harrison, P.A. %A Berry, P.M. %A Dawson, T.P. %B UKCIP Technical Report %C Oxford %0 Generic %D 2001 %T Comparison of the effects of dry deposited N as NH3 with wet deposited N as NH4Cl on acid moorland vegetation. %A Leith, I.D. %A Sheppard, L.J. %A Pitcairn, C.E.R. %A Cape, J.N %A Hill, P.W. %A Kennedy, V.H. %A Tang, Y.S. %A Smith, R.I. %A Fowler D. %B Water Air and Soil Pollution (In press). %0 Report %D 2001 %T Concise International Chemical Assessment Document 29 Vanadium pentoxide and other inorganic vanadium compounds. %A WHO %I World Health Organisation %C Geneva %G eng %0 Generic %D 2000 %T Can the foliar nitrogen concentration of upland vegetation be used for predicting atmospheric nitrogen deposition? Evidence from field surveys. %A Hicks, W.K. %A Leith, I.D. %A Woodin, S.J. %A Fowler, D. %B Environmental Pollution %V 107 %P 367-376 %0 Generic %D 2000 %T Chlorophyll a fluorescence emission, xanthophyll cycle activity and net photosynthetic rate responses to ozone in some foliose and fruticose lichen species %A Calatayud, A. %A Temple, P.J. %A Barreno, E. %B Photosynthetica %V 38 %P 281-286 %0 Generic %D 2000 %T Comparison of techniques to increase Calluna vulgaris cover on heathland invaded by grasses in Breckland, south east England. %A Britton, A.J. %A Marrs, R.H. %A Carey, P.D. %A Pakeman, R.J. %B Biological Conservation %V 95 %P 227-232 %0 Generic %D 2000 %T Copper resistance of Calluna vulgaris originating from the pollution gradient of a Cu-Ni smelter, in southwest Finland %A Monni, S %A Salemaa, M %A White, C %A Tuittila, E %A Huopalainen, M %B Environmental Pollution %P 211-219 %G eng %N 109 %0 Generic %D 2000 %T Critical loads of sulphur and nitrogen for freshwaters in Great Britain and assessment of deposition reduction requirements with the First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) model %A Curtis, C. %A Allott, T. %A Hall, J. %A Harriman, R. %A Helliwel, R. %A Hughes, M. %A Kernan, M. %A Reynolds, B. %A Ullyett, J. %B Hydrology And Earth System Sciences %V 4 %P 125-140 %0 Generic %D 1999 %T Case study of the effects of atmospheric aerosols and regional haze on agriculture: An opportunity to enhance crop yields in China through emission controls? %A Chameides, W.L. %A Yu, H. %A Liu, S.C. %A Bergin, M. %A Zhou, X. %A Mearns, L. %A Wang, G. %A Kiang, C.S. %A Saylor, R.D. %A Luo, C. %A Huang, Y. %A Steiner, A. %A Giorgi, F. %B PNAS %V 96 %P 13626-13633 %G eng %0 Generic %D 1999 %T Changes in distribution and abundance of submerged macrophytes in the Inner Bay at Long Point, Lake Erie: Implications for foraging waterfowl %A Knapton, R.W. %A Petrie, S.A. %B Journal of Great Lakes Research %V 25 %P 783-798 %0 Newspaper Article %B Oxford University Press %D 1999 %T Chemistry of Atmospheres %A Wayne, R.P. %B Oxford University Press %0 Journal Article %J Global Environmental Change %D 1999 %T Climate change impacts on ecosystems and the terrestrial carbon sink: a new analysis %A White, A. %A Cannell, M.G.R. %A Friend, A. D. %B Global Environmental Change %V 9 %P S21-S30 Suppl. S %0 Journal Article %J Global Environmental Change %D 1999 %T Climate change scenarios for global impacts studies %A Hulme, M. %A Mitchell, J. %A Ingram, M. %A Johns, T. %A New, M. %A Viner, D. %B Global Environmental Change %V 9 %P S3-S19 Suppl. S. %0 Report %D 1999 %T Climate change: Scottish implications scoping study %A Kerr, A. %A Shackley, S. %A Milne, R. %A Allen, S. %I Scottish Executive Central Research Unit %C Edinburgh %0 Journal Article %J Global Biogeochemical Cycles %D 1999 %T Closing the global N2O budget: a retrospective analysis 1500 - 1994 %A Kroeze, C. %A Mosier, A. %A Bouwman, L. %B Global Biogeochemical Cycles %V 13 %P 1-8 %0 Generic %D 1999 %T Concentration and distribution of extractable elements in a soil affected by tillage systems and fertilization %A Lavado, R. S %A Porcelli, C. A %A Alvarez, R %B Science of the Total Environment %P 185-191 %G eng %N 232 %0 Generic %D 1999 %T Contaminant release from sediments in a coastal wetland %A Lau, S. S. S %A Chu, L. M %B Water Research %P 909-918 %G eng %N 33 %0 Generic %D 1999 %T Cronartium flaccidum fruitbody production on Melampyrum spp and some important alternate hosts to pine. %A Kaitera, J. %B European Journal of Forest Pathology %V 29 %8 391-398 %0 Report %D 1998 %T Climate change and Scotland's Natural Heritage - An environmental audit %A Hill, M.O. %A Downing, T.E. %A Berry, P.M. %A Coppins, B.J. %A Hammond, P.S. %A Marquiss, M. %A Roy, D.B. %A Telfer, M.G. %A Welch, D. %B SNH Research, Survey & Monitoring Report 132 %I Scottish Natural Heritage %C Battleby %0 Report %D 1998 %T Climate change impacts in Scotland %A Scottish Office %I Scottish Office %C Edinburgh %0 Generic %D 1998 %T Comparison of bioaccumulation and deposition of antimony, lead and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in two different areas %A Waber, M %A Dietl, C %A Kohler, J %A Peichl, L %B Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff Forschung %P 276-280 %G eng %N 10 %0 Generic %D 1998 %T Consequences of high loads of nitrogen for spruce (Picea abies) and beech (Fagus sylvatica) forests. %A Rennenberg, H. %A Kreutzer, K. %A Papen, H. %A Weber, P. %B New Phytologist %V 139 %P 71-89 %0 Generic %D 1997 %T Canadian water quality guidelines for chromium %A Pawlisz, A. V %A Kent, R. A %A Schneider, U. A %A Jefferson, C %B Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality %P 123-183 %G eng %N 12 %0 Journal Article %J Journal of Great Lakes Research %D 1996 %T Calculation and evaluation of sediment effect concentrations for the amphiod Hyalella azteca and the midge Chironomus riparius %A Ingersoll, C.G. %A Haverland, P.S. %A Brunson, E.L. %A Canfield, T.J. %A Dwyer, F.J. %A Henke, C.E. %A Kemble, N.E. %A Mount, D.R. %A Fox, R.G. %B Journal of Great Lakes Research %V 22 %P 602-623 %0 Newspaper Article %B Cambridge University Press %D 1996 %T Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group I to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change %A IPCC %B Cambridge University Press %C Cambridge, UK. %0 Report %D 1996 %T Critical levels for ozone in Europe: Testing and finalising the concepts %A Karenlampi, L. %E Skarby, L. %B Workshop report to the UN-ECE Convention on Long - Range Transboundary Air Pollution %0 Report %D 1996 %T Critical levels of air pollutants for the United Kingdom %A UKCLAG %I Institute of Terrestrial Ecology %C Edinburgh %U http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/empire/acidrain/clair.html %0 Generic %D 1996 %T A critical limit for acid neutralizing capacity in Norwegian surface waters, based on new analyses of fish and invertebrate responses %A Lien, L. %A Raddum, G.G. %A Fjellheim, A. %A Henriksen, A. %B Science of the Total Environment %V 177 %P 173-193. %0 Generic %D 1996 %T Current and historical relationships between the tissue N content of a snowbed bryophyte and nitrogenous air pollution. %A Woolgrove, C.E. %A Woodin, S.J. %B Environmental Pollution %V 91 %P 283-288 %0 Generic %D 1995 %T Changes in the epilithic and epiphytic moss cover in two deciduous forest areas on the island of Oland (Sweden) - a comparison between 1958-1962 and 1988-1990 %A Sjogren, E. %B Studies in Plant Ecology %V 19 %P 1-108 %0 Generic %D 1995 %T Climate and erosion signals in British blanket peats: The significance of Racomitrium lanuginosum remains %A Tallis, J.H. %B Journal of Ecology %V 83 %P 1021-1030 %0 Journal Article %J Cambridge University Press, Cambridge %D 1995 %T Climate change 1994. 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A. %A Haites, E. %A Harris, N. %A Maskell, K. %B Cambridge University Press, Cambridge %0 Generic %D 1995 %T Compensatory responses of 2 melampyrum species after damage. %A Lehtila, K. %A Syrjanen, K. %B Functional Ecology %V 9 %P 511-517 %0 Generic %D 1995 %T Competition between Sphagnum fuscum and Drosera rotundifolia: A case of ecosystem engineering %A Svensson, B.M. %B Okios %V 74(2) %P 205-212 %0 Generic %D 1995 %T Critical levels of O-3 for wood production of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L). %A Mortensen, L. %A BastrubBirk, A. %A RoPoulsen, H. %B Water, Air and Soil Pollution %V 85 %P 1349-1354 %0 Generic %D 1995 %T Critical limits of acidification to invertebrates in different regions of Europe. %A Raddum, G. %A Skjelkvale, B.L. %B Water Air and Soil Pollution %V 85 %P 475-480 %G eng %0 Report %D 1995 %T Critical Loads of Acid Deposition for United Kingdom Freshwaters %A UKCLAG %I Institute of Terrestrial Ecology %C Bush %F critical load level reference %0 Report %D 1995 %T Critical Loads of Acid Deposition for United Kingdom Freshwaters %A Critical Loads Advisory Group %I Institute of Terrestrial Ecology %0 Generic %D 1995 %T Critical loads of acidity for surface waters - can the ANC limit be considered variable? %A Henriksen, A. %A Posch, M. %A Hultberg, H. %A Lien, L. %B Water, Air and Soil Pollution %V 85 %P 2419-2424 %0 Report %D 1994 %T The calculation of weathering rates and their role in the determination of critical loads %A Langan, S.J. %A Bain, D.C. %A Wilson, M.J. %E Battarbee, R.W. %B Acid Rain and its Impact: The Critical Loads Debate. %I Environmental Change Research Centre/ENSIS %C London %P 124-127 %0 Generic %D 1994 %T Causal mechanisms by which sulphate, nitrate and acidity influence frost hardiness in red spruce: review and hypothesis. %A Sheppard, L.J. %B New Phytologist %V 127 %P 69-82 %G eng %0 Generic %D 1994 %T Chromium in swiss chard grown on soil amended with tannery meal fertilizer %A Grubinger, V. 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[Eds.] %B Report of the Egham workshop %I Air Quality Division, Department of the Environment %C London %0 Report %D 1994 %T Critical Loads of Acidity in the United Kingdom %A UKCLAG %B A report to the Department of the Environment by the UK Critical Loads Advisory Group %0 Generic %D 1993 %T Chromium toxicity in Salvia scarea I Effects of hexavalent chromium on seed germination and seedline development %A Corraddi, M %A Bianchi, A %A Albasini, A %B Environmental Experimental Botany %P 405-413 %G eng %N 33 %0 Book Section %B ITE Symposium %D 1993 %T Critical Loads - Concepts and Applications %A Cresser, M.S. %A Smith, C. %A Sanger, L. %A Hornung, M. (Eds) %A Skeffington, R.A. (Eds) %B ITE Symposium %I HMSO %C London %V 28 %& Critical loads for peat soils %0 Book Section %B ITE Symposium %D 1993 %T Critical Loads: Concepts and Applications %A Harriman, R. %A Christie, A.E.G. %A Hornung, M. (Eds) %A Skeffington, R.A. (Eds) %B ITE Symposium %V 28 %P 103-108 %& Critical loads and surface waters: evaluation of the steady-state water chemistry model %0 Report %D 1993 %T Critical loads for peat soils %A Cresser, M.S. %A Smith, C. %A Sanger, L. %E Hornung, M. %E Skeffington, R.A. %B Critical Loads - Concepts and Applications %7 Symposium 28 %I Institute of Terrestrial Ecology %C London. %F critical load level reference %0 Book Section %B Critical Loads - Concepts and Applications %D 1993 %T Critical loads for peat soils %A Cresser, M.S. %A Smith, C. %A Sanger, L. %E Hornung, M. %E Skeffington, R.A. %B Critical Loads - Concepts and Applications %S ITE Symposium 28 %I HMSO %C London %0 Book %B Dissertationes Botanicae %D 1992 %T Changes in the Duch bryophyte flora and air pollution %A Greven, H.C. %B Dissertationes Botanicae %I J. Cramer %C Berlin %V Band 194 %0 Generic %D 1992 %T Conservation of freshwater fish in the British Isles: the status of fish in National Nature Reserves %A Lyle, A.A. %A Maitland, P.S. %B Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems %V 2 %P 19-34 %0 Report %D 1991 %T Changes in species composition of semi-natural vegetation associated with the increase in atmospheric inputs of nitrogen %A Pitcairn, C.E.R. %A Fowler, D. %I Institute of Terrestrial Ecology %C Bush %0 Generic %D 1991 %T Comparisons of 3 Woodland Sites in NW Britain Differing in Richness of the Epiphytic Lobarion-Pulmonariae Community and Levels of Wet Acidic Deposition %A Farmer, A.M. %A Bates, J.W. %A Bell, J.N.B. %B . Holarctic Ecology %V 14 %P 85-91 %0 Generic %D 1991 %T Concurrent exposure to SO2 and/or NO2 alters groweth and Yield responses of wheat and barley to low concentrations of O3. %A Adaros, G. %A Weigel, H.J. %A Jager, H.J. %B New Phytologist %V 118 %P 581-591 %G eng %N 4 %0 Generic %D 1991 %T Conservation of freshwater fish in the British Isles: the current status and biology of threatened species. Aquatic Conservation %A Maitland, P.S. %A Lyle, A.A. %B Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems %V 1 %P 25-54 %0 Report %D 1991 %T Critical Load Maps for the United Kingdom I: Soil %A UKCLAG %B A report to the Department of the Environment by the UK Critical Loads Advisory Group. %0 Generic %D 1990 %T Cadmium uptake and toxicity to water hyacinth: effect of repeated exposures under controlled conditions %A Nir, R %A Gasith, A %A Perry, A. S %B Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology %P 149-157 %G eng %N 44 %0 Generic %D 1990 %T Calculated rates of soil acidification of intensively used grassland in the Netherlands. %A Oenema, O. %B Fertilizer Research %V 26 %P 217-228 %G eng %0 Generic %D 1990 %T Cation-exchange properties and adaptation to soil acidity in bryophytes %A Buscher, P. %A Koedam, N. %A Vanspeybroeck, D. %B New Phytologist %V 115 %P 117-186 %0 Generic %D 1990 %T Comparative toxicity of inorganic contaminants released by placer mining to early life stages of salmonids %A Buhl, K. J %A Hamilton, S. J %B Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety %P 325-342 %G eng %N 20 %0 Report %D 1989 %T The comparative chemistries of platinum group metals and their periodic neighbors in marine macrophytes %A Yang, J. S %B In Heavy metals in the environment: International Conference %I CEP Consultants %C Edinburgh %G eng %0 Generic %D 1989 %T A comparison of plant toxicities of some industrial chemicals in soil culture and soilless culture %A Adema, D %A Henzen, L %B Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety %P 219-229 %G eng %N 18 %0 Generic %D 1988 %T Condition of Scots Pine fine roots and mycorrhiza after fungicide application and low-level ozone exposure in a 2-year field experiment %A Manninen, A.M. %A Laatikainen, T. %A Holopainen, T. %B Trees %V 12 %P 347-355 %0 Report %D 1988 %T Critical Loads for Sulphur and Nitrogen %A Nilsson, J. %A Grennfelt, P. %B Miljorapport 1988:15 %I Nordic Council of Ministers %C Copenhagen %0 Generic %D 1987 %T A comparative study on nutrient cycling in wet heathland ecosystems. I. Litter production and nutrient losses from the plant %A Berendse, F. %A Oudhof, H. %A Bol, J. %B Oecologia %V 74 %P 174–184 %G eng %0 Journal Article %J Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research %D 1986 %T Changes in soil acidity from 1927-1982/84 in a forested area of south west Sweden %A Hallbacken, L. %A Tamm, C.O. %B Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research %V 1 %P 219-232 %0 Generic %D 1986 %T Chromium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review %A Eisler, R %B USDI Fish and Wildlife Service %G eng %N 60 %0 Generic %D 1985 %T Cadmium hazards to fish, wildlife, and invertebrates: a synoptic review %A Eisler, R %B USDI Fish and Wildlife Service %G eng %N 46 %0 Generic %D 1983 %T Cadmium and mercury nephrotoxicity %A Nicholson, J. K %A Kendall, M. D %A Osborn, D %B Nature %P 633-635 %G eng %N 304 %0 Generic %D 1982 %T Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in eggs and alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar %A Rombough, P. J %A Garside, E. 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