@article {2041, title = {Current and future ozone risks to global terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes}, journal = {Ecology and Evolution}, volume = {6}, year = {2016}, month = {Jan-12-2016}, pages = {8785 - 8799}, abstract = {

Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have received insufficient attention. This is an important gap because feedbacks to the atmosphere may change as future O3 levels increase or decrease, depending on air quality and climate policies. Global simulation of O3 using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) revealed that in 2000, about 40\% of the Global 200 terrestrial ecoregions (ER) were exposed to O3 above thresholds for ecological risks, with highest exposures in North America and Southern Europe, where there is field evidence of adverse effects of O3, and in central Asia. Experimental studies show that O3 can adversely affect the growth and flowering of plants and alter species composition and richness, although some communities can be resilient. Additional effects include changes in water flux regulation, pollination efficiency, and plant pathogen development. Recent research is unraveling a range of effects belowground, including changes in soil invertebrates, plant litter quantity and quality, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and carbon pools. Changes are likely slow and may take decades to become detectable. CESM simulations for 2050 show that O3 exposure under emission scenario RCP8.5 increases in all major biomes and that policies represented in scenario RCP4.5 do not lead to a general reduction in O3 risks; rather, 50\% of ERs still show an increase in exposure. Although a conceptual model is lacking to extrapolate documented effects to ERs with limited or no local information, and there is uncertainty about interactions with nitrogen input and climate change, the analysis suggests that in many ERs, O3 risks will persist for biodiversity at different trophic levels, and for a range of ecosystem processes and feedbacks, which deserves more attention when assessing ecological implications of future atmospheric pollution and climate change.

Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have received insufficient attention. This is an important gap because feedbacks to the atmosphere may change as future O3\ levels increase or decrease, depending on air quality and climate policies. Global simulation of O3\ using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) revealed that in 2000, about 40\% of the Global 200 terrestrial ecoregions (ER) were exposed to O3\ above thresholds for ecological risks, with highest exposures in North America and Southern Europe, where there is field evidence of adverse effects of O3, and in central Asia. Experimental studies show that O3\ can adversely affect the growth and flowering of plants and alter species composition and richness, although some communities can be resilient. Additional effects include changes in water flux regulation, pollination efficiency, and plant pathogen development. Recent research is unraveling a range of effects belowground, including changes in soil invertebrates, plant litter quantity and quality, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and carbon pools. Changes are likely slow and may take decades to become detectable. CESM simulations for 2050 show that O3\ exposure under emission scenario RCP8.5 increases in all major biomes and that policies represented in scenario RCP4.5 do not lead to a general reduction in O3\ risks; rather, 50\% of ERs still show an increase in exposure. Although a conceptual model is lacking to extrapolate documented effects to ERs with limited or no local information, and there is uncertainty about interactions with nitrogen input and climate change, the analysis suggests that in many ERs, O3\ risks will persist for biodiversity at different trophic levels, and for a range of ecosystem processes and feedbacks, which deserves more attention when assessing ecological implications of future atmospheric pollution and climate change.
}, doi = {10.1002/ece3.2568}, author = {Fuhrer, J{\"u}rg and Val Martin, Maria and Mills, Gina and Heald, Colette L. and Harmens, Harry and Hayes, Felicity and Sharps, Katrina and Bender, J{\"u}rgen and Ashmore, Mike R.} } @article {1496, title = {Evidence of recovery from acidification in the macroinvertebrate assemblages of UK fresh waters: A 20-year time series.}, journal = {Ecological Indicators}, volume = {37}, year = {2014}, pages = {330-340}, author = {Murphy, J.F. and Winterbottom, J.H. and Orton, S. and Simpson, G.L. and Shilland, E.M. and Hildrew, A.G.} } @article {1518, title = {Recovery of macroinvertebrate species richness in acidified upland waters assessed with a field toxicity model}, journal = {Ecological Indicators}, volume = {37}, year = {2014}, pages = {341-350}, author = {Stockdale, A. and Tipping, E. and Fjellheim, A. and Garmo, O.A. and Hildrew, A.G. and Lofts, S. and Monteith, D.T. and Ormerod, S.J. and Shilland, E.M.} } @article {1559, title = {A review and application of the evidence for nitrogen impacts on ecosystem services.}, journal = {Ecosystem Services}, volume = {7}, year = {2014}, pages = {76-88}, author = {Jones, L. and Provins, A. and Harper-Simmonds, L. and Holland, M. and Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Emmett, B.A. and Hall, J. and Sheppard, L.G. and Smith, R. and Sutton, M. and Hicks, K. and Ashmore, M. and Haines-Young, R.} } @article {1490, title = {Trends in the hydrochemistry of acid-sensitive surface waters in the UK 1988{\textendash}2008.}, journal = {Ecological Indicators}, year = {2014}, pages = {287-303}, author = {Monteith, D.T. and Evans, C.D. and Henrys, P.A. and Simpson, G.L. and Malcolm, I.A.} } @article {1584, title = {Using the Ecosystems Services Approach to value air quality.}, year = {2014}, institution = {DEFRA}, author = {Jones, M.L.M. and Provins, A. and Harper-Simmonds, L. and Holland, M. and Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Emmett, B.A. and Hall, J. and Sheppard, L.J. and Smith, R. and Sutton, M. and Hicks, K. and Ashmore, M. and Haines-Young, R.} } @article {1466, title = {Long-term amelioration of acidity accelerates decomposition in headwater streams.}, journal = {Global Change Biology}, volume = {19}, year = {2013}, pages = {1100-1106}, author = {Jenkins, G.B. and Woodward, G. and Hildrew, A.G.} } @article {1678, title = {Nitrogen deposition effects on plant species diversity; threshold loads}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {179}, year = {2013}, pages = {218-223}, author = {Tipping, E. and Henrys, P.A. and Maskell, L.C. and Smart, S.M.} } @article {1580, title = {Ozone pollution: Impacts on ecosystem services and biodiversity.}, year = {2013}, institution = {Centre for Ecology and Hydrology}, address = {Bangor, UK.}, url = {http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk/publications/thematic.html.}, author = {Mills, G. and Wagg, S. and Harmens, H.} } @article {1525, title = {Stomata are less responsive to environmental stimuli in high background ozone in Dactylis glomerata and Ranunculus acris.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {175}, year = {2013}, pages = {82-91}, author = {Wagg, S. and Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Wilkinson, S. and Davies, W.J.} } @article {1555, title = {Terrestrial mosses as biomonitors of atmospheric POPs pollution: A review.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {173}, year = {2013}, pages = {245-254}, author = {Harmens, H. and Foan, L. and Simon, V. and Mills, G.} } @article {1332, title = {Impacts of additional aerial inputs of nitrogen to salt marsh and transitional habitats}, number = {995}, year = {2012}, pages = {44}, institution = {Countryside Council for Wales}, address = {Bangor}, author = {Boorman, L. A. and Hazelden, J.} } @article {1325, title = {Impacts of atmospheric nitrogen deposition: responses of multiple plant and soil parameters across contrasting ecosystems in long-term field experiments}, journal = {Global Change Biology}, volume = {18}, year = {2012}, pages = {1197-1215}, author = {Phoenix, G.K. and Emmett, B.A. and Britton, A.J. and Caporn, S.J.M. and Dise, N.B. and Helliwell, R. and Jones, M.L.M. and Leake, J.R. and Leith, I.D. and Sheppard, L.J. and Sowerby, A. and Pilkington, M.G. and Rowe, E.C. and Ashmore MR and Power, S.A.} } @article {1459, title = {Ozone pollution affects flower numbers and timing in a simulated BAP priority calcareous grassland community.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {163}, year = {2012}, pages = {40-47}, author = {Hayes, F. and Williamson, J. and Mills, G.} } @article {1581, title = {Ozone pollution: Impacts on carbon sequestration in Europe.}, year = {2012}, institution = {Centre for Ecology and Hydrology}, address = {Bangor, UK.}, isbn = {978-1-906698-31-7}, author = {Harmens, H. and Mills, G.} } @article {1526, title = {Reduced soil water availability did not protect two competing grassland species from the negative effects of increasing background ozone.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {165}, year = {2012}, pages = {91-99}, author = {Wagg, S. and Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Wilkinson, S. and Cooper, D. and Davies, W.J.} } @article {1571, title = {Terricolous lichens as indicators of nitrogen deposition: Evidence from national records.}, journal = {Ecological Indicators}, volume = {20}, year = {2012}, pages = {196-203}, author = {Stevens, C.J. and Smart, S.M. and Henrys, P.A. and Maskell, L.C. and Crowe, A. and Simkin, J. and Cheffings, C.M. and Whitfield, C. and Gowing, D.J.G. and Rowe, E.C. and Dore, A.J. and Emmett, B.A.} } @booklet {1604, title = {10k acres of trees cut down to stop pathogen.}, journal = {Daily Mail}, year = {2011}, author = {Hardman, R.} } @article {1299, title = {Collation of evidence of nitrogen impacts on vegetation in relation to UK biodiversity objectives}, year = {2011}, institution = {JNCC}, issn = {447}, author = {Stevens, C.J. and Smart, S.M. and Henrys, P. and Maskell, L.C. and Walker, K.J. and Preston, C.D. and Crowe, A. and Rowe, E. and Gowing, D.J. and Emmett, B.A.} } @article {1563, title = {Evidence of widespread effects of ozone on crops and (semi-)natural vegetation in Europe (1990{\textendash}2006) in relation to AOT40- and flux-based risk maps.}, journal = {Global Change Biology}, volume = {17}, year = {2011}, pages = {592-613}, author = {Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Simpson, D. and Emberson, L. and Norris, D. and Harmens, H. and Buker, P.} } @article {1535, title = {Impacts of Ozone Pollution on Food Security in the UK: A Case Study for Two Contrasting years, 2006 and 2008.}, year = {2011}, institution = {Defra}, issn = {AQ08610}, url = {http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk/}, author = {Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Norris, D. and Hall, J.} } @article {1534, title = {Impacts of Ozone Pollution on Food Security in the UK: A Case Study for Two Contrasting years, 2006 and 2008.}, year = {2011}, institution = {Defra}, issn = {AQ08610}, url = {http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/}, author = {Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Norris, D. and Hall, J.} } @article {1533, title = {Impacts of Ozone Pollution on Food Security in the UK: A Case Study for Two Contrasting years, 2006 and 2008.}, year = {2011}, institution = {Defra}, issn = {AQ08610}, url = {http://icpvegetation.ceh.ac.uk/ and http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/library/}, author = {Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Norris, D. and Hall, J. and Coyle, M. and Cambridge, H. and Cinderby, S. and Abbott, J. and Cooke, S. and Murrells, T.} } @article {1296, title = {Interpretation of evidence of nitrogen impacts on vegetation in relation to UK biodiversity objectives}, number = {No. 449}, year = {2011}, institution = {JNCC}, author = {Emmett, B.A. and Rowe, E.C. and Stevens, C.J. and Gowing, D.J. and Henrys, P.A. and Maskell, L.C. and Smart, S.M.} } @article {1488, title = {New stomatal flux-based critical levels for ozone effects on vegetation.}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {45}, year = {2011}, pages = {5064-5068}, author = {Mills, G. and Pleijel, H. and Braun, S. and Buker, P. and Bermejo, V. and Calvo, E. and Danielsson, H. and Emberson, L. and Gonzalez Fernandez, I. and Grunhage, L. and Harmens, H. and Hayes, F. and Karlsson, P.E. and Simpson, D.} } @article {1556, title = {Nitrogen concentrations in mosses indicate the spatial distribution of atmospheric nitrogen deposition in Europe.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {159}, year = {2011}, pages = {2852-2860}, author = {Harmens, H. and Norris, D.A. and Cooper, D.M. and Mills, G. and Steinnes, E. and Kubin, E. and Thoni, L. and Aboal, J.R. and Alber, R. and Carballeira, A. and Coskun, M. and De Temmerman, L. and Frolova, M. and Frontasyeva, M. and Gonzales-Miqueo, L. and Jeran, Z. and Leblond, S. and Liiv, S. and Mankovska, B. and Pesch, R. and Poikolainen, J. and Ruhling, A. and Santamaria, J.M. and Simoneie, P. and Schroder, W. and Suchara, I. and Yurukova, L. and Zechmeister, H.G.} } @inbook {1676, title = {Nitrogen deposition as a threat to European Terrestrial Biodiversity}, booktitle = {European Nitrogen Assessment}, year = {2011}, pages = {463-494}, publisher = {Cambridge University Press}, organization = {Cambridge University Press}, chapter = {20}, author = {Dise, N.B. and Ashmore, M.R. and Belyazid S and Bleeker, A. and Bobbink, R. and de Vries, W. and Erisman, J.W. and Spranger, T. and Stevens, C.J. and Van Den Berg, L.J.L.} } @article {1532, title = {Ozone pollution: a hidden threat to food security.}, year = {2011}, institution = {ICP Vegetation Coordination Centre}, author = {Mills, G. and Harmens, H.} } @article {1348, title = {Predicting effects of N pollutant load on plant species based on a dynamic soil eutrophication indicator}, number = {977}, year = {2011}, pages = {39}, institution = {Countryside Council for Wales}, address = {Bangor}, author = {Rowe, E.C. and Jones, M.L.M. and Henrys, P.A. and Smart, S.M. and Tipping, E. and Mills, R.T.E. and Evans, C.D.} } @article {472, title = {Review and revision of empirical critical loads and dose-response relationships}, year = {2011}, institution = {Coordination Centre for Effects}, address = {Noordwijkerhout}, isbn = {978-90-6960-251-6}, author = {Bobbink, R. and Braun, S. and Nordin, A. and Power, S. and Schutz, K. and Strengbom, J. and Weijters, M. and Tomassen, H.}, editor = {Bobbink, R. and Hettelingh, J.P.} } @article {1330, title = {Review and revision of empirical critical loads and dose-response relationships}, year = {2011}, institution = {Coordination Centre for Effects, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)}, url = {www.rivm.nl/cce}, author = {Bobbink, R. and Hettelingh, J.P.} } @article {1342, title = {UK Status Report July 2011: Update to empirical critical loads of nitrogen}, year = {2011}, pages = {55pp}, author = {Hall, R.J. and Emmett, B. and Garbutt, A. and Jones, L and Rowe, E. and Sheppard, L and Vanguelova, E. and Pitman, R. and Britton, A. and Hester, A. and Ashmore, M. and Power, S. and Caporn, S.} } @article {1557, title = {Ammonium and nitrate tolerance in lichens.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {158}, year = {2010}, pages = {1127-1133}, author = {Hauck, M.} } @article {1498, title = {Belowground effects of enhanced tropospheric ozone and drought in abeech/spruce forest (Fagus sylvatica L./Picea abies [L.] Karst).}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {158}, year = {2010}, pages = {1071-1078}, author = {Nikolova, P.S. and Anderson, C.P. and Blaschke, H. and Matyssek, R. and Haberle, K.} } @article {1575, title = {Chemical fluxes in time through forest ecosystems in the UK {\textendash} Soil response to pollution recovery.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {158}, year = {2010}, pages = {1857-1869}, author = {Vanguelova, E.I. and Benham, S. and Pitman, R. and Moffat, A.J. and Broadmeadow, M. and Nisbet, T. and Durrant, D. and Barsoum, N. and Wilkinson, M. and Bochereau, F. and Hutchings, T. and Broadmeadow, S. and Crow, P. and Taylor, P. and Houston, T.D.} } @article {1566, title = {First Europe-wide correlation analysis identifying factors best explaining the total nitrogen concentration in mosses.}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {44}, year = {2010}, pages = {3485-3491}, author = {Schroder, W. and Holy, M. and Pesch, R. and Harmens, H. and Fagerli, H. and Alber, R. and Coskun, M. and De Temmerman, L. and Frolova, M. and Gonzalez-Miqueo, L. and Jeran, Z. and Kubin, E. and Leblond, S. and Liiv, S. and Mankovska, B. and Piispanen, J. and Santamaria, J.M. and Simoneie, P. and Suchara, I. and Yurokova, L. and Thoni, L. and Zechmeister, H.G.} } @article {1696, title = {Global assessment of nitrogen deposition effects on terrestrial plant diversity: a synthesis}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, volume = {20}, year = {2010}, pages = {30-59}, keywords = {arctic polar semidesert, arctic-alpine ecosystems, atmospheric deposition, boreal ecosystems, critical loads, diversity, ecoregions, long-term, mediterranean ecosystems, n-deposition, nitrogen deposition, nutrient limitation, racomitrium-lanuginosum, simulated environmental-change, southern california, species richness, temperature ecosystems, terrestrial ecosystems, tropical ecosystems, western united-states}, author = {Bobbink, R. and Hicks, K. and Galloway, J. and Spranger, T. and Alkemade, R. and Ashmore, M. and Bustamante, M. and Cinderby, S. and Davidson, E. and Dentener, F. and Emmett, B. and Erisman, J. 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the global land carbon sink.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {458}, year = {2009}, pages = {1014-1018}, author = {Mercado, L.M. and Bellouin, N. and Sitch, S. and Boucher, O. and Huntingford, C. and Wild, M. and Cox, P.M.} } @article {1387, title = {Particulate matter at a rural location in southern England during 2006: Model sensitivities to precursor emissions}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = { 43}, year = {2009}, pages = {689-696}, author = {Derwent, R.G. and Witham, C. and Redington, A. and Jenkin, M.E. and Stedman, J.R. and Yardley, R. and Hayman, G.} } @article {1110, title = {Shifts in lake N:P stoichiometry and nutrient limitation driven by atmospheric nitrogen deposition}, journal = {Science}, volume = {5954}, year = {2009}, pages = {835-837}, author = {Elser, J.J. and Anderson, T. and Baron, J.S. and Bergstorm, A.K. and Jansson, M. and Kyle, M. and Nydick, K.R. and Steger, L. and Hesson, D.O.} } @article {1462, title = {Base cation depletion, eutrophication and acidification of species-rich grasslands in response to long-term simulated nitrogen deposition.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {155}, year = {2008}, pages = {336-349}, author = {Horswill, P. and O{\textquoteright}Sullivan, O. and Phoenix, G.K. and Lee, J.A. and Leake, J.R.} } @article {1421, title = {Bryophyte physiological responses to, and recovery from, long-term nitrogen deposition and phosphorus fertilisation in acidic grassland.}, journal = {New Phytologist }, volume = {180}, year = {2008}, pages = {864-874}, author = {Arroniz-Crespo, M. and Leake, J.R. and Horton, P. and Phoenix, G.K.} } @article {1689, title = {Environmental and anthropogenic controls over bacterial communities in wetland soils.}, journal = {Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America}, volume = {105}, year = {2008}, pages = {17842-17847}, author = {Hartman, W.H. and Richardson, C.J. and Vilgalys, V.R. and Bruland, G.L.} } @article {1492, title = {Long-term ozone effects on vegetation, microbial community and methane dynamics of boreal peatland microcosms in open-field conditions. }, journal = {Global Change Biology}, volume = {14}, year = {2008}, pages = {1891-1903}, author = {Morsky, S.K. and Haapala, J.K. and Rinnan, R. and Tiiva, P. and Saarnio, S. and Silvola, J. and Holopainen, T. and Martikainen, P.J.} } @article {1572, title = {Sources and properties of non-exhaust particulate matter from road traffic: A review.}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {400}, year = {2008}, pages = {270-282}, author = {Thorpe, A. and Harrison, R.M.} } @article {1609, title = {The use of biomonitoring tools to detect ecosystem response following exposure to contaminants emitted from a regulated industrial source.}, year = {2008}, institution = {Environment Agency}, address = {Bristol}, issn = {SC030175/SR3}, author = {Long, S. and Lister, L. and Hankard, P. and Rothery, P. and Ainsworth, G. and Rowland, P. and Walker, L. and Wright, J. and Turk, T. and Bealey, B. and Leith, I. and Cape, N. and Spurgeon, D.} } @article {1491, title = {Dissolved organic carbon trends resulting from changes in atmospheric deposition chemistry.}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {450}, year = {2007}, pages = {537-539}, author = {Monteith, D.T. and Stoddard, J.L. and Evans, C.D. and De Wit, H.A. and Forsius, M. and Hogasen, T. and Wilander, A. and Skjelkvale, B.L. and Jeffries, D.S. and Vuorenmaa, J. and Keller, B. and Kop{\'a}cek, J. and Vesely, J.} } @article {1458, title = {Evidence of widespread ozone damage to vegetation in Europe (1990-2006).}, year = {2007}, institution = {Centre for Ecology and Hydrology}, address = {Bangor, UK.}, author = {Hayes, F. and Mills, G. and Harmens, H. and Norris, D.} } @article {1103, title = { Identifying ozone-sensitive communities of (semi-)natural vegetation suitable for mapping exceedance of critical levels}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {146}, year = {2007}, pages = {736-743}, author = {Mills, G. and Hayes, F. and Jones, M.L.M. and Cinderby, S.} } @article {1681, title = { Indirect radiative forcing of climate change through ozone effects on the land-carbon sink}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2007}, edition = {448}, author = {Sitch, S. and Cox, P.M. and Collins, W.J. and Huntingford, C.} } @article {1456, title = {Meta-analysis of the relative sensitivity of semi-natural vegetation species to ozone.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {146}, year = {2007}, pages = {754-762}, author = {Hayes, F. and Jones, M.L.M. and Mills, G. and Ashmore, M.} } @article {1467, title = {Predicting community sensitivity to ozone, using Elleberg indicator values.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {146}, year = {2007}, pages = {744-753}, author = {Jones, L. and Hayes, F. and Mills, G. and Sparks, T. and Fuhrer, F.} } @article {1470, title = {Chemical composition and decomposition of silver birch leaf litter produced under elevated CO2 and O3.}, journal = {Plant and Soil}, volume = {282}, year = {2006}, pages = {261-280}, author = {Kasurinen, A. and Riikonen, J. and Oksanen, E. and Vapaavuori, E. and Holopainen, T.} } @article {1461, title = {Elevated CO2 and O3 alter soil nitrogen transformations beneath trembling aspen, paper birch, and sugar maple.}, journal = {Ecosystems}, volume = {9}, year = {2006}, pages = {1354-1363}, author = {Holmes, W.E. and Zak, D.R. and Pregitzer, K.S. and King, J.S.} } @article {1482, title = {Extraordinary drought of 2003 overrules ozone impact on adult beech trees (Fagus sylvatica).}, journal = {Trees}, volume = {20}, year = {2006}, pages = {539-548}, author = {Low, M. and Herbinger, K. and Nunn, A.J. and Haberle, K.H. and Leuchner, M. and Heerdt, C. and Werner, H. and Wipfler, P. and Pretzsch, H. and Tausz, M. and Matyssek, R.} } @article {1291, title = { Grassland for agriculture and nature conservation: production, quality and multifunctionality}, journal = {Agronomy Research}, volume = {4 (1)}, year = {2006}, pages = {3-20}, author = {Hopkins, A. and Holz, B.} } @article {1590, title = {Impacts of summer ozone exposure on the growth and overwintering of UK upland vegetation.}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, pages = {4088-4097}, author = {Hayes, F. and Mills, G. and Williams, P. and Harmens, H. and Buker, P.} } @article {1441, title = {A model of annual orographic precipitation and acid deposition and its application to Snowdonia.}, journal = {Atmospheric Environment}, volume = {40}, year = {2006}, pages = {3316-3326}, author = {Dore, A.J. and Mousavi-Baygi, M. and Smith, R.I. and Hall, J. and Fowler, D. and Choularton, T.W.} } @article {1327, title = {Abundance and flowering succes patterns in a short-term grazed grassland: early evidence of facilitation}, journal = {Journal of Ecology }, volume = {93 }, year = {2005}, pages = {1104-1114}, author = {Bossuyt, B. and De Fr{\'e}, B. and Hoffmann, M.} } @article {1489, title = {Biological responses to the chemical recovery of acidified fresh waters in the UK.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {137}, year = {2005}, pages = {83-101}, author = {Monteith, D.T. and Hildrew, A.G. and Flower, R.J. and Raven, P.J. and Beaumont, W.R.B. and Collen, P. and Kreiser, A.M. and Shilland, E.M. and Winterbottom, J.H.} } @article {1481, title = {Decline of acid-sensitive plant species in heathland can be attributed to ammonium toxicity in combination with low pH.}, journal = {New Phytologist}, volume = {166}, year = {2005}, pages = {551-564}, author = {Van Den Berg, L.J. and Dorland, E. and Vergeer, P. and Hart, M.A.C. and Bobbink, R. and Roelofs, J.G.} } @article {1476, title = {The ecology of acidification and recovery: changes in herbivore-algal food web linkages across a stream pH gradient.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {137}, year = {2005}, pages = {103-118}, author = {Ledger, M.E. and Hildrew, A.G.} } @article {1477, title = {Aluminium concentration versus the 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and Norris, D. and Brittain, S.A. and Haria, S. and Jones, R.E. and Rhind, P.M. and Reynolds, B.R. and Emmett, B.A.} } @article {1674, title = {Detecting the signal of atmospheric N deposition in recent national-scale vegetation change across Britain}, journal = {Water, Air and Soil Pollution: Focus}, volume = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {269{\textendash}278}, author = {Smart, S.M. and Ashmore, M.R. and Hornung, M.} } @article {1520, title = {Mobilization of aluminium and deposition on fish gills during sea salt episodes - catchment liming as countermeasure.}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Monitoring}, volume = {6}, year = {2004}, pages = {196-200}, author = {Teien, H.C. and Standring, W.J.F. and Salbu, B. and Marskar, M. and Kroglund, F. and Hindar, A.} } @article {1707, title = {Modelling the spatial distribution of ammonia emissions from seabirds in the UK}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {131}, year = {2004}, pages = {173-185}, keywords = {excretion, inventory, metabolic rates, model, nitrogen, nitrogen deposition, united-kingdom, volatilisation}, author = {Wilson, L. J. and Bacon, P. J. and Bull, J. and Dragosits, U. and Blackall, T. D. and Dunn, T. E. and Hamer, K. C. and Sutton, M. A. and Wanless, S.} } @article {1507, title = {Ozone effects on the ultrastructure of peatland plants: Sphagnum mosses, Vaccinium oxycoccus, Andromeda polifolia and Eriophorum vaginatum.}, journal = {Annals of Botany}, volume = {94}, year = {2004}, pages = {623-634}, author = {Rinnan, R. and Holopainen, T.} } @article {1284, title = {Quantifying dry NH3 release system to ombrotrophic bog from an automated NH3 field release system}, journal = {Water, Air, and Soil Pollution: Focus}, volume = {4}, year = {2004}, pages = {207-218.}, author = {Leith, I.D. and Sheppard, L.J. and Fowler, D. and Cape, J.N and Jones, M.R. and Crossley, A. and Hargreaves, K.J. and Tang, Y.S. and Theobald, M.R. and Sutton, M.A.} } @article {1506, title = {Silver birch and climate change: variable growth and carbon allocation responses to elevated concentrations of carbon dioxide and ozone.}, journal = {Tree Physiology}, volume = {24}, year = {2004}, pages = {1227-1237}, author = {Riikonen, J. and Lindsberg, M.M. and Holopainen, T. and Oksanen, E. and Lappi, J. and Peltonen, P. and Vapaavuori, E.} } @article {1713, title = {Changing landscapes, habitats and vegetation diversity across Great Britain}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Management}, volume = {67}, year = {2003}, pages = {267-281}, author = {Haines-Young, R. and Barr, C.J. and Firbank, L.G. and Furse, M. and Howard, D.C. and McGowan, G. and Petit, S. and Smart, S.M. and Watkins, J.W.} } @article {1932, title = {he accumulation of potentially toxic elements in edible body tissues of lambs grazing after a single application of sewage sludge}, journal = {Water Research}, year = {2003}, pages = {128-138}, author = {Wilkinson, J. M and Hill, J and Hillman, J. P} } @article {1485, title = {Long-term trends in pH, aluminium and dissolved organic carbon in Scottish fresh waters; implications for brown trout (Salmo trutta) survival}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {310}, year = {2003}, pages = {133-141}, author = {McCartney, A.G. and Harriman, R. and Watt, A.W. and Moore, D.W. and Taylor, E.M. and Collen, P. and Keay, E.J.} } @article {1886, title = {Changes in the rhizosphere of metal-accumulating plants evidenced by chemical extractants}, journal = {Journal of Environmental Quality}, year = {2002}, pages = {1561-1569}, author = {Hammer, D and Keller, C} } @article {1960, title = {Effects of manganese on the viability of vegetative diaspores of the epiphytic lichen Hypogymnia physodes}, journal = {Environmental and Experimental Botany}, year = {2002}, pages = {127-142}, author = {Hauck, M and Paul, A and Mulack, C and Fritz, E and Runge, M} } @article {1323, title = {{\"O}kologie und Vegetation der W{\"a}lder Nordostdeutschlands}, year = {2002}, author = {Anders, S. and Beck, W. and Bolte, A. and Hofmann, G. and Jenssen, M. and Krakau, U. and M{\"u}ller, J.} } @article {1497, title = {Ozone effects on Sphagnum mosses, carbon dioxide exchange and methane emission in boreal peatland microcosms.}, journal = {Science of The Total Environment}, volume = {289}, year = {2002}, pages = {1-12}, author = {Niemi, R. and Martikainen, P.J. and Silvola, J. and Holopainen, T.} } @article {252, title = {Review of sublethal ecotoxicological tests for measuring harm in terrestrial ecosystems}, year = {2002}, author = {Spurgeon, D. and Svendsen, C. and Hankard, P. and Weeks, Kille, P. and Fishwick, S.} } @article {1672, title = {Whole ecosystem N manipulation: An updated review}, number = {331}, year = {2002}, institution = {JNCC}, author = {Cunha, A. and Power, S.A. and Ashmore, M.R. and Green, P.R.S. and Haworth, B.J. and Bobbink, R.} } @article {50, title = {Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammals}, journal = {Environmental Science and Technology}, volume = {35}, year = {2001}, pages = {1593-1598}, author = {Kannan, K and Koistinen, J. and Beckmen, K and Evans, T. and Gorzelany, J.F. and Hansen, K.J. and Jones, P.D. and Helle, E. and Nyman, M. and Giesy, J.P.} } @article {781, title = {Biosphere-atmosphere interactions of ammonia with grasslands: experimental strategy and results from a new European initiative}, journal = {Plant and Soil }, volume = {228 (1)}, year = {2001}, pages = {131-145}, author = {Sutton, M.A. and Milford, C. and Nemitz, E. and Theobald, M.R. and Fowler D. and Schjoerring, J.K. and Mattsson, M.E. and Nielsen, K.H. and Husted, S. and Erisman, J.W. and Oties, R. and Hensen, A. and Mosquera, J. and Cellier, P. and Loubert, B. and David, M. and Genermont, S. and Neftel, A. and Blatter, A. and Herrmann, B. and Jones, S.K. and Horvath, L. and Flhrer, E. and Mantzanas, K. and Koukoura, Z. and Gallagher, M. and Williams, P. and Flynn, M. and Riedo, M.} } @article {265, title = {Climate Change and Nature Conservation in Britain and Ireland: Modelling natural resource responses to climate change (the MONARCH project)}, year = {2001}, address = {Oxford}, author = {Harrison, P.A. and Berry, P.M. and Dawson, T.P.} } @article {659, title = {Comparison of the effects of dry deposited N as NH3 with wet deposited N as NH4Cl on acid moorland vegetation.}, journal = {Water Air and Soil Pollution (In press).}, year = {2001}, author = {Leith, I.D. and Sheppard, L.J. and Pitcairn, C.E.R. and Cape, J.N and Hill, P.W. and Kennedy, V.H. and Tang, Y.S. and Smith, R.I. and Fowler D.} } @article {577, title = {Deposition of acidifying and eutrophying air pollutants in Scotland: Mapping critical loads, critical levels and exceedances}, year = {2001}, institution = {Centre for Ecology and Hydrology}, author = {Fowler, D. and Dragosits, U. and Pitcairn, C.E.R. and Sutton, M.A. and Hall, J. and Roy, D.B. and Weidemann, A.} } @article {1523, title = {Ozone exposure thresholds and foliar injury on forest plants in Switzerland.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {111}, year = {2001}, pages = {321-331}, author = {VanderHayden, D. and Skelly, J. and Innes, J. and Hug, C. and Zhang, J. and Landolt, W. and Bleuler, P.} } @article {644, title = {Partitioning the variation within the acid neutralizing capacity of surface waters in Scotland in relation to land cover, soil and atmospheric depositional factors}, journal = {Science of the Total Environment }, volume = {265}, year = {2001}, pages = {39-49}, author = {Kernan, M. and Helliwel, R.} } @article {510, title = {Raised atmospheric CO2 levels and increased N deposition cause shifts in plant species composition and production in Sphagnum bogs}, journal = {Global Change Biology }, volume = {7}, year = {2001}, pages = {591-598}, author = {Berendse, F. and van Breeman, N. and Rydin, H. and Buttler, A. and Heijmans, M. and Hoosbeek, M.R. and Lee, J.A. and Mitchel, E. and Saarinen, T. and Vasander, H. and Wallin, B.} } @article {1961, title = {Relevance of element content of bark for the distribution of epiphytic licehns in a montane spruce forest affected by forest dieback}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, year = {2001}, pages = {221-227}, author = {Hauck, M and Jung, R and Runge, M} } @inbook {620, title = {Terrestrial ecosystem research in Europe: successes, challenges and policy}, year = {2001}, note = {Final Conference of the Terrestrial Ecosystem Research Initiative - Concerted Action (TERICA) Project ENV4-CT95-0051 Egmond aan Zee, the Netherlands, 20-23 June 1999. }, publisher = {Directorate-General for Research}, organization = {Directorate-General for Research}, chapter = {Preliminary results of the BERI project: Effects of elevated CO2 and N deposition on plant dynamics and CH4 emissions of five}, address = {Brussels.}, author = {Hoosebeak, M.R. and van Breeman, N. and Wallen, B. and Rydin, H. and Lee, J.A. and Sivola, J. and Vasander, H. and Berendse, F. and Grosvernier, P. and Sutton, M.A. (Eds) and Moreno, J.M. 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(Eds)} } @article {685, title = {Upland plant communities - sensitivity to change}, journal = {Catena}, volume = {42(2-4)}, year = {2001}, pages = {333-343}, author = {Milne, J.A. and Hartley, S.E.} } @book {597, title = {Accounting for nature: assessing habitats in the UK countryside}, series = {Accounting for nature: assessing habitats in the UK countryside}, year = {2000}, publisher = {DETR}, organization = {DETR}, address = {London}, author = {Haines-Young, R.H. and Barr, C.J. and Black, H.I.G. and Briggs, D.J. and Bunce, R.G.H. and Clarke, R.T. and Cooper, A. and Dawson, F.H. and Firbanks, L.G. and Fuller, R.M. and Furse, M.T. and Gillespie, M.K. and Hill, R. and Hornung, M. and Howard, D.C. and McCann, T. and Morecroft, M.D. and Petit, S. and Sier, A.R.J. and Smart, S.M. and Stott, A.P. and Watkins, J.W.} } @article {1536, title = {Accounting for nature: assessing habitats in the UK countryside.}, year = {2000}, institution = {DETR}, address = {London}, isbn = {1 85112460 8}, author = {Haines-Young, R.H. and Barr, C.J. and Black, H.I.J and Briggs, D.J. and Bunce, R.G.H. and Clarke, R.T. and Cooper, A. and Dawson, F.H. and Firbank, L.G. and Fuller, R.M. and Furse, M.T. and Gillespie, M.K. and Hill, R. and Hornung, M. and Howard, D.C. and McCann, T. and Morecroft, M.D. and Petit, S. and Sier, A.R.J. and Smart, S.M. and Smith, G.M. and Stott, A.P. and Stuart, R.C. and Watkins, J.W.} } @article {533, title = {Acidification and terrestrial birds}, volume = {BTO Research Report No.236}, year = {2000}, author = {Chamberlin, D.E. and Warren, R.W. and Crick, H.Q.P. and Hall, J. and Metcalfe, S. and Ormerod, S. and Whyatt, D. and Vickery, J.A.} } @article {1701, title = {Biodiversity - Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100}, journal = {Science}, volume = {287}, year = {2000}, pages = {1770-1774}, keywords = {co2, fresh-water, future, limitation, threats}, author = {Sala, O. E. and Chapin, F. S. and Armesto, J. J. and Berlow, E. and Bloomfield, J. and Dirzo, R. and Huber-Sanwald, E. and Huenneke, L. F. and Jackson, R. B. and Kinzig, A. and Leemans, R. and Lodge, D. M. and Mooney, H. A. and Oesterheld, M. and Poff, N. L. and Sykes, M. T. and Walker, B. H. and Walker, M. and Wall, D. H.} } @article {613, title = {Can the foliar nitrogen concentration of upland vegetation be used for predicting atmospheric nitrogen deposition? Evidence from field surveys. }, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {107}, year = {2000}, pages = {367-376}, author = {Hicks, W.K. and Leith, I.D. and Woodin, S.J. and Fowler, D.} } @article {1924, title = {Copper resistance of Calluna vulgaris originating from the pollution gradient of a Cu-Ni smelter, in southwest Finland}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, year = {2000}, pages = {211-219}, author = {Monni, S and Salemaa, M and White, C and Tuittila, E and Huopalainen, M} } @article {539, title = {Critical loads of sulphur and nitrogen for freshwaters in Great Britain and assessment of deposition reduction requirements with the First-order Acidity Balance (FAB) model}, journal = {Hydrology And Earth System Sciences}, volume = {4}, year = {2000}, pages = {125-140}, author = {Curtis, C. and Allott, T. and Hall, J. and Harriman, R. and Helliwel, R. and Hughes, M. and Kernan, M. and Reynolds, B. and Ullyett, J.} } @article {75, title = {Direct measurement of the UK source strength of radiatively active gases}, number = {1/1/33}, year = {2000}, month = {01/2000}, author = {Fowler, D. and Hargreaves, K.J. and Skiba, U. and Bower, K.N.} } @article {96, title = {Direct Measurements of the UK Source Strength of Radiatively Active Gases}, number = {Contract EPG 1/1/33}, year = {2000}, author = {Fowler, D. and Hargreaves, K. and Skiba, U. and Bower, K.} } @article {737, title = {Healthy river habitats fit for wildlife: Deriving the physical dimension. }, journal = {Journal of the Chartered Institution of Water and Environmental Management}, volume = {14}, year = {2000}, pages = {235-239}, author = {Raven, P.J. and Naura, M. and Holmes, N.T.H. and Dawson, F.H.} } @mastersthesis {1292, title = {The impacts of management and atmospheric ammonia deposition on unimproved calcareous grasslands in the Cotswolds}, year = {2000}, school = {University of the West of England}, address = {Bristol}, abstract = {

}, author = {Hewins, E.J.} } @article {1838, title = {Mobility of antimony in soil and its availability to plants}, journal = {Chemosphere}, volume = {41}, year = {2000}, pages = {1791-1798}, author = {Hammel, W. and Debus, R. and Steubing, L} } @article {244, title = {Plants as Biomonitors of Atmospheric Pollution: A review of their Potential Use in Integrated Pollution Control}, year = {2000}, pages = {p318}, author = {Pakeman, R. and Osborn, D. and Hankard, P.} } @article {243, title = {Potential Uses of Biomonitoring in Pollution Control - An Introductory Guide}, year = {2000}, pages = {p319}, author = {Osborn, D. and Weeks, J.M. and Hankard, P. and Dale, L.} } @article {671, title = {"Response of needle sulphur and nitrogen concentrations of Scots pine versus Norway spruce to SO2 and NO2." }, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {107(3)}, year = {2000}, pages = {421-436}, author = {Manninen, S. and Huttunen, S.} } @article {827, title = {Responses of spruce seedlings (Picea abies) to exhaust gas under laboratory conditions - I - plant-insect interactions. }, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {107}, year = {2000}, pages = {89-98}, author = {Viskari, E.L. and Surakka, J. and Pasanen, P. and Mirme, Am. and Ruuskanen, J. and Holopainen, J. K.} } @article {1425, title = {Seasonal ozone response of mature beech trees (Fagus sylvatica) at high altitude in the Bavarian Forest (Germany) in comparison with young beech grown in the field and in phytotrons.}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {109}, year = {2000}, pages = {431-442}, author = {Baumgarten, M. and Werner, H and Haberle, K.H. and Emberson, L.D. and Fabian, P. and Matyssek, R.} } @article {790, title = {Severe photobiont injuries of lichens strongly associated with air pollution}, journal = {New Phytologist}, volume = {147}, year = {2000}, pages = {579-590}, author = {Tarhanen, S. and Poikolinen, J. and Holopainen, T. and Oskanen, J.} } @article {1888, title = {Toxic effects of cadmium and zinc on ectomycorrhizal colonization of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) from soil inoculum}, journal = {Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry}, year = {2000}, pages = { 694-699}, author = {Hartley-Whitaker, J and Cairney, J. W. G and Meharg, A. 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J and Gil, A and Pastor, J} } @article {266, title = {Climate change and Scotland{\textquoteright}s Natural Heritage - An environmental audit}, year = {1998}, institution = {Scottish Natural Heritage}, address = {Battleby}, author = {Hill, M.O. and Downing, T.E. and Berry, P.M. and Coppins, B.J. and Hammond, P.S. and Marquiss, M. and Roy, D.B. and Telfer, M.G. and Welch, D.} } @article {22, title = {Dispersion, deposition and impacts of atmospheric ammonia: quantifying local budgets and spatial variability}, journal = {Environmental Pollutution (Nitrogen Conference Special Issue)}, volume = {102}, year = {1998}, pages = {349-361}, chapter = {1}, author = {Sutton, M.A. and Milford, C. and Dragosits, U. and Place, C.J. and Singles, R.J. and Smith, R.I. and Pitcairn, C.E.R. and Fowler, D. and Hill, J. and ApSimon, H.M. and Ross, C. and Hill, R. and Jarvis, S.C. and Pain, B.F. and Phillips, V.C. and Harrison, R. and Moss, D. and Webb, J. and Espenhahn, S.E. and Lee, D.S. and Hornung, M. and Ullyett, J. and Bull, K.R. and Emmett, B.A. and Lowe, J. and Wyers, G.P.} } @article {760, title = {Early effects of acid mist on Sitka spruce planted on acid peat.}, journal = {Phyton (Horn Austria)}, volume = {39}, year = {1998}, pages = {1-25}, author = {Sheppard, L.J. and Crossley, A. and Harvey, F. and Parrington, J. and White, C.C.} } @article {223, title = {The effects of air-borne nitrogen pollutants on species diversity in natural and semi-natural European vegetation}, journal = {Journal of Ecology}, volume = {86}, year = {1998}, pages = {717-738}, author = {Bobbink, R. and Hornung, M. and Roelofs, J.G.M.} } @article {1289, title = {Effects of carbon dioxide and nitrogen enrichment on a plantinsect interaction: the quality of Calluna vulgaris as a host for Operophtera brumata}, journal = {New Phytologist}, volume = {140}, year = {1998}, pages = {43-53}, author = {Kerslake, J.E. and Woodin, S.J. and Hartley, S.E.} } @article {598, title = {Effects of experimental acidification, nitrogen addition and liming on ground vegetation in a mature stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) 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N} } @article {182, title = {MAGIC applied to roof experiments to evaluate the rate of reversibility of acidification following experimentally reduced acid deposition}, journal = {Water, Air and Soil Pollution}, volume = {85}, year = {1995}, pages = {1745-1751}, author = {Beier, C. and Hultberg, H. and Moldan, F. and Wright, R.F.} } @article {83, title = {Mapping and modelling of critical loads for nitrogen - a workshop report}, year = {1995}, month = {10/1994}, institution = {Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Edinburgh, UK.}, address = {Cumbria, UK}, author = {Hornung, M. and Sutton, M.A. and Wilson, R.B. [Eds.]} } @article {623, title = {Mapping and modelling of critical loads for nitrogen - a workshop report. }, year = {1995}, note = {Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria, UK. UN-ECE Convention on Long Range Transboundary Air Pollution, Working Group for Effects 24-26 October 1994}, institution = {Institute of Terrestrial Ecology}, address = {Edinburgh}, author = {Hornung, M. (Eds) and Sutton, M.A. (Eds) and Wilson, R.B. [Eds.]} } @article {624, title = {Mapping and modelling of critical loads for nitrogen - a workshop report. Grange-over-Sands, Cumbria, UK. }, journal = {UN-ECE Convention on Long Range }, year = {1995}, author = {Hornung, M. (Eds) and Sutton, M.A. (Eds) and Wilson, R.B. [Eds.]} } @article {907, title = {Mapping and modelling of critical loads for nitrogen - a workshop report}, year = {1995}, pages = {9-19}, institution = {Institute of Terrestrial Ecology}, chapter = {Empirical nitrogen critical loads: update since Lokeberg (1992).}, address = {Bush}, author = {Bobbink, R. and Roelofs, J.G.M. and Hornung, M. (Eds) and Sutton, M.A. (Eds) and Wilson, R.B. [Eds.]} } @article {481, title = {A palaeolimnological assessment of the impact of acid deposition on surface waters in northwest Scotland, a region of high sea salt inputs}, journal = {Water, Air and Soil Pollution }, volume = {85}, year = {1995}, pages = {2425-2430}, author = {Allott, T.E.H. and Golding, P.N.E. and Harriman, R.} } @article {168, title = {Reaction of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal Scots Pine fine roots along a deposition gradient of air pollutants in eastern Germany}, journal = {Water, Air and Soil Pollution}, volume = {85}, year = {1995}, pages = {1191-1196}, author = {Munzenberger, B. and Schminke, B. and Strubelt, F. and Huettl, R.F.} } @article {601, title = {The relationship between salmonid fish densities and critical ANC at exceeded and non-exceeded stream sites in Scotland}, journal = {Water, Air and Soil Pollution}, volume = {85}, year = {1995}, pages = {2455-2460}, author = {Harriman, R. and Bridcut, E.E. and Anderson, H.} } @article {604, title = {Response of zooplankton, benthos and fish to acidification: an overview}, journal = {Water, Air and Soil Pollution}, volume = {85}, year = {1995}, pages = {51-62}, author = {Havas, M. and Rosseland, B.O.} } @inbook {622, title = {Acid Rain and its Impact: The Critical Loads Debate.}, year = {1994}, pages = {43-51}, publisher = {Environmental Change Research Centre/ENSIS}, organization = {Environmental Change Research Centre/ENSIS}, chapter = {Mapping critical loads for the soils of Great Britain}, address = {London}, author = {Hornung, M. and Bull, K.R. and Cresser, M.S. and Loveland, P.J. and Langan, S.J. and Reynolds, B. and Robertson, W.H. and Battarbee, R.W. (Eds)} } @article {284, title = {Atlas of the Bryophytes}, journal = {Harley}, year = {1994}, author = {Hill, M. and Preston, C.D. and Smith, A.} } @article {247, title = {Atlas of the bryophytes of the British Isles}, journal = {Cambridge University Press}, year = {1994}, address = {Cambridge}, author = {Preston, C.D. and Hill, M.O. and Smith, A.} } @article {609, title = {Effects of atmospheric ammonia and ammonium sulphate on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal colonisation in three heathland species}, journal = {New Phytologist}, volume = {127}, year = {1994}, pages = {685-696}, author = {Heijine, B. and Dueck, T.A. and Van der Eerden, L.J.M. and Heil, G.} } @article {280, title = {Effects of atmospheric ammonia on vegetation - a review}, journal = {Environmental Pollution}, volume = {86}, year = {1994}, pages = {43-82}, author = {Fangmeir, A. and Hadwiger-Fangmeir, A. and Van der Eerden, L.J.M. and Jager, H.J.} } @article {191, title = {Group report: are chemical and biological changes reversible?}, number = {Environmental Sciences Report ES14}, year = {1994}, pages = {375-391}, institution = {John Wiley and Sons}, address = {Chichester}, author = {Dise, N.B. and Ahlf, W. and Brahmer, G. and Cosby, B.J. and Fott, J. and Hauhs, M. and Juttner, I. and Kreutzer, K. and Raddum, G.G. and Wright, R.F.}, editor = {Steinberg, C.E.W. and Wright, R.F.} } @article {734, title = {Interactions between exposure to O3 and nutrient uptake, growth, mycorrhizal and needle ultra-structure.}, journal = {New Phytologist}, volume = {128}, year = {1994}, pages = {679-687}, author = {Rantanen, L. and Palomaki, V and Holopainen, T.} } @article {840, title = {Interactions between insects and air pollutants, in Responses to the Gaseous Environment: Molecular, metabolic and physiological aspects, }, year = {1994}, address = {London}, author = {Whittaker, J.B. and Alsher, R.G. 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Perspective on nutrient limitation}, number = {25}, year = {1993}, pages = {505-507}, author = {Faafeng, B. and Hessen, D.O.} } @proceedings {222, title = {Nitrogen eutrophication and critical load for nitrogen based upon changes in flora and fauna in (semi)-natural terrestrial ecosystems}, year = {1993}, pages = {pp. 111-159}, publisher = {Nordic Council of Ministers, Copenhagen, Denmark}, address = {L{\"o}keberg, Sweden}, author = {Bobbink, R. and Boxman, D. and Fremstad, E. and Heil, G. and Houdijk, A. and Roelofs, J.} } @article {797, title = {Reproduction in two submersed macrophytes declines progressively at low pH. }, journal = {Freshwater Biology}, volume = {30}, year = {1993}, pages = {63-72}, author = {Titus, J.E. and Hoover, D.T.} } @article {1625, title = {Stratospheric Aerosol Optical Depths, 1850-1990.}, journal = {Journal of Geophysical Research}, volume = {98}, year = {1993}, pages = {22987-22994}, author = {Sato, M. and Hansen, J.E. and McCormick, M.P and Pollack, J.B.} } @inbook {504, title = {Biological recording of changes in British wildlife}, volume = {ITE Symposium No. 20}, year = {1992}, publisher = {HMSO}, organization = {HMSO}, chapter = {Evidence for the effects of atmopheric pollution on bryophytes from national and local recording.}, address = {London}, author = {Adams, K.J. and Preston, C.D. and Harding, P.} } @article {599, title = {Effects of simulated nitrogen rich and acid rain on the nitrogen-fixing lichen Peltigera aphthosa (L.) 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